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Published in final edited form as: J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;55(1):391–410. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160051
Abstract
The cis/trans isomerization of X-Pro peptide bonds in proteins in some instances acts as a molecular switch in biological pathways. Our prior work suggests that the cis isomer of the phospho-Thr668-Pro669 motif, located in the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP), is correlated with an increase in amyloidogenic processing of AβPP and production of amyloid beta (Aβ), the neurotoxic peptide fragment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We designed a 100% cis-locked cyclic dipeptide composed of cyclized phospho-Thr-Pro (pCDP) as a mimic for this putative pathological conformation, and three phosphate-blocked derivatives (pCDP-diBzl, pCDP-Bzl, and pCDP-diPOM). Two H4 neuroglioma cell lines were established as AD cell models for use in testing these compounds: H4-AβPP695 for stable overexpression of wild-type AβPP695, and H4-BACE1 for stable overexpression of β-site AβPP Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE1). The level of the secreted AβPP fragment resulting from BACE1 activity, sAβPPβ, served as a key proxy for amyloidogenic processing, since cleavage of AβPP by BACE1 is a requisite first step in Aβ production
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JmjC catalysed histone H2a N-methyl arginine demethylation and C4-arginine hydroxylation reveals importance of sequence-reactivity relationships
Introduction
The dynamic N-methylation and demethylation of lysine- and arginine-residues in histones is important in the regulation of eukaryotic transcription1,2,3. Nε-Methyl lysine demethylation is catalysed by two families of Nε-methyl lysine demethylases (KDMs): the flavin-dependent KDMs (LSDs/KDM1s) and the larger Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent Jumonji C (JmjC)-KDM family3,4. Unlike the KDM1s, the JmjC-KDMs catalyse the demethylation of all tri-, di- and mono- Nε-methyl lysine methylation states via unstable hemiaminal intermediates5,6. At least in isolated form, some JmjC-KDMs, including all human KDM5s, also have N-methyl arginine demethylation (RDM) activity (Fig. 1)7,8. The catalytic JmjC-domains of the JmjC-KDMs are related to those of the JmjC ‘hydroxylases’, most (but not all) of which catalyse hydroxylation of methylene groups of protein residue side chains to give alcohols, which are stable compared to the hemiaminal intermediates in demethylation reactions3,6,9. Examples of JmjC hydroxylase catalysed reactions include JMJD5 catalysed C-3 arginine-hydroxylation, and